The differential and total bulk acoustic scattering cross sections of some human and animal tissues

This paper describes methods that have been developed for the accurate measurement of total and differential bulk acoustic scattering cross sections. Analysis is made of the sources of uncertainty entailed in measurements of this kind and a complete derivation is developed for the angular variation of the interrogated scattering volume. Experimentally determined values of differential scattering cross sections are reported for specimens of skeletal muscle, blood, liver, and secondary tumors arising in liver, obtained in the frequency range 4-7 MHz for scattering angles in the practically attainable range 60 degrees-150 degrees and also at 180 degrees (backscatter). A basis for extrapolating these results to other scattering angles can be derived from a combination of theoretical and experimental considerations, as presented in a companion paper [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79, 2048-2054 (1986)]. Based on such extrapolation, values for total scattering cross sections are estimated for the above tissues, the values are compared with determinations by different techniques as reported by other authors, and corresponding estimates are derived for the contribution of scattering processes to total attenuation in the tissues.