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Related Concept Videos

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias01:28

Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias

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Tachyarrhythmias are a type of dysrhythmia where the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Here are some common types of tachyarrhythmias:Sinus TachycardiaSinus tachycardia originates from increased impulses from the sinus node, leading to an elevated heart rate. It is often triggered by stress, fever, or exercise.Patients may experience palpitations, a sensation of a racing heart, dizziness, and chest discomfort.Causes and Risk Factors: Common causes include physical exertion, emotional...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 29, 2025

Rat Model of Right-Sided Cardiac Remodeling and Arrhythmia Using Pulmonary Artery Banding
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Rat Model of Right-Sided Cardiac Remodeling and Arrhythmia Using Pulmonary Artery Banding

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Arrythmia-Mediated Valvular Heart Disease.

Sébastien Deferm1, Philippe B Bertrand2, Sebastiaan Dhont3

  • 1Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Cardiology, Mainz University Hospital, Langenbeckstraße 1, Mainz, Germany. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/S_Deferm.

Heart Failure Clinics
|May 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

As the global population ages, atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction are increasing. This review covers atrial functional mitral and tricuspid regurgitation (AFMR and AFTR), differentiating them from ventricular types.

Keywords:
Atrial fibrillationAtrial functional mitral regurgitationAtrial functional tricuspid regurgitationAtrial myopathyFunctional mitral regurgitationHeart failure with preserved ejection fractionIsolated tricuspid regurgitationLeft atrium

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Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Geriatrics
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Global population aging is accelerating.
  • Increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is anticipated.
  • Atrial functional mitral regurgitation (AFMR) and atrial functional tricuspid regurgitation (AFTR) are increasingly common.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current evidence on AFMR and AFTR.
  • To discuss epidemiology, prognosis, pathophysiology, and treatment options.
  • To differentiate AFMR/AFTR from ventricular counterparts due to distinct pathophysiology and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of existing evidence.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data.
  • Synthesis of pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of current therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Aging populations are associated with higher rates of AF and HFpEF.
  • AFMR and AFTR are distinct entities from ventricular regurgitation.
  • Pathophysiology and therapeutic needs differ significantly between atrial and ventricular functional regurgitation.

Conclusions:

  • AFMR and AFTR require specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
  • Understanding the unique mechanisms of AFMR and AFTR is crucial for effective management.
  • Further research into targeted therapies for AFMR and AFTR is warranted.