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Prediction of Incident Depression in Middle-Aged and Older Adults using Digital Gait Biomarkers Extracted from
Lloyd L Y Chan1, Matthew A Brodie2, Stephen R Lord1
1Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Objectives:
To determine if digital gait biomarkers captured by a wrist-worn device can predict the incidence of depressive episodes in middle-age and older people.
Design:
Longitudinal cohort study.
Setting And Participants:
A total of 72,359 participants recruited in the United Kingdom.
Methods:
Participants were assessed at baseline on gait quantity, speed, intensity, quality, walk length distribution, and walk-related arm movement proportions using wrist-worn accelerometers for up to 7 days. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional-hazard regression models were used to analyze the associations between these parameters and diagnosed incident depressive episodes for up to 9 years.
Results:
A total of 1332 participants (1.8%) had incident depressive episodes over a mean of 7.4 ± 1.1 years. All gait variables, except some walk-related arm movement proportions, were significantly associated with the incidence of depressive episodes (P < .05). After adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and comorbidity covariates; daily running duration, steps per day, and step regularity were identified as independent and significant predictors (P < .001). These associations held consistent in subgroup analysis of older people and individuals with serious medical conditions.
Conclusions And Implications:
The study findings indicate digital gait quality and quantity biomarkers derived from wrist-worn sensors are important predictors of incident depression in middle-aged and older people. These gait biomarkers may facilitate screening programs for at-risk individuals and the early implementation of preventive measures.
