In Vitro Bone Differentiation of 3D Microsphere from Dental Pulp-Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Bone defects lead to the structural loss of normal architecture, and those in the field of bone tissue engineering are searching for new alternatives to aid bone regeneration. Dental pulp-mesenchymal stem cells (DP-MSC) could provide a promising alternative to repair bone defects, principally due to their multipotency and capacity to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) spheroids. The present study aimed to characterize the 3D DP-MSC microsphere and the osteogenic differentiation capacity potential cultured by a magnetic levitation system. To achieve this, the 3D DP-MSC microsphere was grown for 7, 14, and 21 days in an osteoinductive medium and compared to 3D human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) microspheres by examining the morphology, proliferation, osteogenesis, and colonization onto PLA fiber spun membrane. Our results showed good cell viability for both 3D microspheres with an average diameter of 350 μm. The osteogenesis examination of the 3D DP-MSC microsphere revealed the lineage commitment, such as the hFOB microsphere, as evidenced by ALP activity, the calcium content, and the expression of osteoblastic markers. Finally, the evaluation of the surface colonization exhibited similar patterns of cell-spreading over the fibrillar membrane. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of forming a 3D DP-MSC microsphere structure and the cell-behavior response as a strategy for the applications of bone tissue guiding.