Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
Eyewitness Memory01:22

Eyewitness Memory

Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
One such error is memory distortion, which occurs because human memory does not function like a...
Role of Amygdala in Memory01:16

Role of Amygdala in Memory

The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped structure responsible for processing and storing memories, particularly those linked to emotions like fear and stress. It plays an essential role in the brain's response to emotionally significant events and often enhances memory formation by triggering stress hormone release. The amygdala is vital for encoding and retrieving memories associated with fear or stress, a process that is adaptive by helping organisms avoid dangerous situations.
One of the...
False Memories01:18

False Memories

False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
One primary source of false memories is misattribution, where individuals incorrectly associate external information with...
Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect01:26

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect

The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Circulating carbohydrate antigen Ca10H predicts favorable prognosis in colorectal cancer.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Real-world resource utilization, toxicity management, and efficacy outcomes of CD20 × CD3 bispecific antibodies in B-cell lymphoma: A study from the GELTAMO network.

HemaSphere·2026
Same author

Seasonal Thermal Ecology and Locomotor Performance of an Andean Viviparous Lizard: Assessment of Its Vulnerability to Climate Change.

Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology·2026
Same author

Sex based differences in time processing were found in newly developed tasks.

Psychological research·2026
Same author

Pan-cancer analyses identify oncogenic drivers, expression signatures, and therapeutic vulnerabilities in RHO GTPase pathway genes.

Frontiers in bioinformatics·2026
Same author

Numerical Optimization and Experimental Validation of Finite Perforated Cellular Panels for Vibration Reduction.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice
17:45

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

Published on: February 26, 2012

40.1K

Reversal Training Discloses Gender Differences in a Spatial Memory Task in Humans.

Laura Tascón1, Irene León2, Rubén Fernández3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, C/San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.

Brain Sciences
|May 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Men showed better spatial memory than women in challenging reversal learning tasks. This study explored gender differences in spatial orientation and cognitive flexibility using virtual reality.

Keywords:
dimorphismflexibilityhippocampussex differencesvirtual reality

More Related Videos

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

12.6K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function
06:17

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function

Published on: January 26, 2024

2.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice
17:45

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

Published on: February 26, 2012

40.1K
The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

12.6K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function
06:17

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function

Published on: January 26, 2024

2.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Behavior

Background:

  • Spatial memory is crucial for navigation and orientation.
  • Virtual reality (VR) offers a controlled environment for studying cognitive functions.
  • Reversal learning paradigms assess cognitive flexibility and adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gender differences in spatial memory and reversal learning.
  • To evaluate how men and women perform under varying task demands.
  • To explore the cognitive underpinnings of observed gender-based performance variations.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty participants (30 men, 30 women) completed a VR-based spatial memory task.
  • The task involved an acquisition phase and a reversal phase with shifting reward locations.
  • Performance was assessed across different levels of task difficulty.

Main Results:

  • Men demonstrated superior performance compared to women in the reversal phase under high-demand conditions.
  • Significant gender differences were observed in spatial orientation and cognitive flexibility.
  • Performance variations are linked to underlying cognitive ability disparities between genders.

Conclusions:

  • Gender influences spatial memory performance, particularly in complex reversal learning scenarios.
  • Cognitive abilities related to spatial orientation and flexibility differ between men and women.
  • VR-based tasks provide valuable insights into sex-based differences in cognitive functions.