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Related Concept Videos

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

954
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

10.0K
Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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RNA Regulatory Networks 2.0.

Francisco J Enguita1, Ana Lúcia Leitão2, John S Mattick3

  • 1Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.

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The RNA world hypothesis, proposed 60 years ago, highlights RNA's central role in cell biology. Ongoing research continues to expand our understanding of these vital molecules.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The RNA world hypothesis posits that RNA preceded DNA and proteins as the primary form of genetic material and catalytic molecules.
  • Over the past 60 years, research has increasingly illuminated the diverse and critical functions of RNA in modern cellular processes.

Discussion:

  • Exploring the multifaceted roles of RNA, including its catalytic, regulatory, and structural functions.
  • Investigating the evolutionary implications of RNA's central role and its potential as a precursor to the DNA-protein world.
  • Examining the complex regulatory networks orchestrated by various RNA species in gene expression and cellular signaling.

Key Insights:

  • RNA molecules are fundamental to numerous cellular processes, extending beyond their role as messengers.
  • Evidence supports RNA's capability to both store genetic information and catalyze biochemical reactions, aligning with the RNA world hypothesis.
  • The study of non-coding RNAs reveals their significant impact on gene regulation and cellular function.

Outlook:

  • Future research directions include further elucidating RNA-protein interactions and the non-enzymatic functions of RNA.
  • Investigating the origins of RNA and its transition to the current DNA-centric biological system.
  • Exploring therapeutic applications targeting RNA for various diseases.