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Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles

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The Development of Tungsten Biochemistry-A Personal Recollection.

Wilfred R Hagen¹

¹Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Building 58, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

|May 27, 2023

Summary

Tungsten biochemistry research has identified key genes, enzymes, and reactions. Specific transport systems and biosynthetic machinery highlight tungsten

Keywords:

EPR Pyrococcus furiosus aldehyde oxidoreductase metallomics transport tungsten tungstoenzyme tungstopterin

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Bioinorganic Chemistry
Metallomics

Background:

Tungsten (W) is an essential bio-element with unique catalytic properties.
Understanding tungsten biochemistry is crucial for various biological processes.
Personal participation highlights the historical development of this field.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of the development of tungsten biochemistry.
To detail the cataloging of genes, enzymes, and reactions involving tungsten.
To explore the specificity of tungsten transport and biosynthesis.

Main Methods:

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for monitoring redox states.
Characterization of tungstate transport systems.
Metallomics analysis of the hyperthermophilic archaeon *Pyrococcus furiosus*.

Main Results:

A comprehensive catalog of tungsten-related genes, enzymes, and reactions has been established.
Tungstate transport systems exhibit high specificity for tungsten over molybdenum.
The biosynthetic machinery for tungsten enzymes adds another layer of selectivity.
Metallomics data reveals a significant presence of tungsten proteins in *Pyrococcus furiosus*.

Conclusions:

Significant progress has been made in understanding tungsten biochemistry, particularly in catalysis and transport.
Further research, especially pre-steady-state kinetic data, is needed to fully elucidate tungsten-based catalysis.
The specificity of tungsten uptake and utilization is a key feature in biological systems.