Opportunities and challenges of combining adoptive cellular therapy with oncolytic virotherapy

The use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) and adoptive cell therapies (ACT) have independently emerged as promising approaches for cancer immunotherapy. More recently, the combination of such agents to obtain a synergistic anticancer effect has gained attention, particularly in solid tumors, where immune-suppressive barriers of the microenvironment remain a challenge for desirable therapeutic efficacy. While adoptive cell monotherapies may be restricted by an immunologically cold or suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), OVs can serve to prime the TME by eliciting a wave of cancer-specific immunogenic cell death and inducing enhanced antitumor immunity. While OV/ACT synergy is an attractive approach, immune-suppressive barriers remain, and methods should be considered to optimize approaches for such combination therapy. In this review, we summarize current approaches that aim to overcome these barriers to enable optimal synergistic antitumor effects.