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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Requirements for Human Life01:26

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The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
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The human body has a sophisticated thermoregulation system that employs negative feedback mechanisms to maintain an optimal core temperature. When the core temperature drops, peripheral and central thermoreceptors send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the heat-promoting center. This center triggers several responses aimed at increasing the core temperature. First, vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood from internal organs to the skin so that the heat is not lost from the skin,...
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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature01:19

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Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...
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Peripheral skin cooling during hyper-gravity: hemodynamic reactions.

Niklas Kagelmann1, David Janke1, Martina Anna Maggioni1,2

  • 1Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

Frontiers in Physiology
|May 31, 2023
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Summary

External peripheral skin cooling (PSC) did not significantly improve cardiovascular function or orthostatic stability during hyper-gravity exposure (+Gz). Further research is needed to determine optimal cooling levels for this potential aerospace countermeasure.

Keywords:
G-induced loss of consciousnesscardiovascular stabilityhyper-gravityhyper-gravity centrifuge model testsorthostatic instabilityperipheral external coolingshort-arm human centrifugespaceflight countermeasures

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Area of Science:

  • Space Physiology
  • Cardiovascular Regulation
  • Aerospace Medicine

Background:

  • Orthostatic dysregulation is a common issue upon returning to Earth's gravity after spaceflight.
  • External peripheral skin cooling (PSC) has shown promise in mitigating orthostatic intolerance during heat stress and lower body negative pressure.
  • The efficacy of PSC as a countermeasure during hyper-gravity (+Gz) exposure remains unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if external peripheral skin cooling (PSC) can act as a stabilizing factor for cardiovascular function during hyper-gravity (+Gz) exposure.
  • To test the hypothesis that PSC is an effective countermeasure against orthostatic dysregulation in a +Gz environment.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized short-arm human centrifuge (SAHC) experiment ('Coolspin') was conducted.
  • Eighteen healthy males were exposed to artificial gravity ranging from +1g to +4g.
  • Cardiovascular parameters including blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and cardiac output were measured with and without PSC.

Main Results:

  • +Gz exposure induced significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and cardiac output.
  • No significant differences were observed in primary (heart rate, cumulative stress index, blood pressure) or secondary (stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, cardiac output) parameters between cooled and uncooled conditions.
  • Systolic blood pressure showed a non-significant trend towards being higher in the PSC group.

Conclusions:

  • External peripheral skin cooling (PSC) did not provide a significant benefit to hemodynamic activity or orthostatic stability during hyper-gravity exposure.
  • Potential reasons for the lack of effect include insufficient cooling responsiveness of subjects or inadequate cooling surface area.
  • Further research is required to determine the optimal parameters for PSC to be an effective countermeasure in +Gz environments.