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Related Concept Videos

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

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Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as...
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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Salivary Glands and Saliva01:23

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The salivary glands, of which there are three pairs known as the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and initiating the digestive process. Positioned near the ears, beneath the masseter muscle, the parotid glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity through the parotid duct of Stensen. Meanwhile, the submandibular glands, located on the floor of the mouth, secrete saliva through channels named submandibular ducts. The sublingual glands,...
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Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
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Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

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Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

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Lithium-Induced Sialorrhea.

Bamidele O Johnson1, Oluwaseun Oke1, Christian Nwabueze1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA.

Cureus
|June 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lithium, a common psychiatric medication, can cause sialorrhea (excessive drooling). This case report highlights sialorrhea occurring even at subtherapeutic lithium serum levels, suggesting a need for careful patient monitoring.

Keywords:
bipolar disordergabaglycopyrrolatemanicnmdaptyalismsialorrhea

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Neurology

Background:

  • Lithium is a crucial mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder management.
  • Its narrow therapeutic index necessitates regular monitoring for toxicity.
  • Sialorrhea, or excessive drooling, is a known but infrequent side effect in psychiatric patients.

Observation:

  • This report details a patient experiencing sialorrhea during oral lithium therapy.
  • The patient's serum lithium levels were found to be subtherapeutic.
  • Sialorrhea has been previously reported at various lithium serum concentrations.

Findings:

  • The case demonstrates sialorrhea associated with lithium treatment at subtherapeutic levels.
  • This challenges the assumption that sialorrhea only occurs at therapeutic or toxic lithium concentrations.
  • It underscores the variability in patient response to lithium therapy.

Implications:

  • Clinicians should consider sialorrhea as a potential side effect even with subtherapeutic lithium levels.
  • Enhanced clinical assessment may be required for patients on lithium, irrespective of serum levels.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the mechanisms behind lithium-induced sialorrhea at low concentrations.