Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

1.0K
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
1.0K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

838
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
838
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

69.2K
Overview
69.2K
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

1.1K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
1.1K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

565
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
565
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

1.8K
The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Upadacitinib for anti-TNFα refractory immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis: a case report.

Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology·2026
Same author

Serotonin Degradation and Lipid Metabolism Regulate Human Tc2 Cell Effector Functions.

Allergy·2026
Same author

ReFerm® a Fermented Oat Gruel Composition, Improves Colonic Barrier Function and Modulates Tricellulin Expression in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Neurogastroenterology and motility·2026
Same author

Senescence Detection Using Reflected Light in Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026
Same author

Cytotoxic CD39<sup>+</sup> tumor-associated NK cells respond to NKG2A blockade in lung cancer.

Science immunology·2026
Same author

tRNA-derived fragments elevated in Alzheimer's disease facilitate Tau aggregation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Targeting cholesterol esterification sensitizes liver cancer to CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell attack by impairing metabolic and redox resilience.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Brain endothelial cells orchestrate a neuroprotective antiviral state in the CNS in response to peripheral viral pattern sensing.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Extracellular ATP-P2RY2 signaling drives intratumoral prostaglandin E2 accumulation and adaptive resistance to immunotherapy in solid tumors.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

B cell-derived type I interferon sustains T cell functionality upon strong TCR stimulation during chronic infection.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Lactate binds and inhibits the innate immune sensor STING to promote tumor immune evasion.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Antibody binding geometry and affinity control inhibitory hFcγRIIB receptor signaling.

Immunity·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture
10:31

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

Published on: April 8, 2016

14.6K

Human skin-resident CD8

Beatrice Zitti1, Elena Hoffer2, Wenning Zheng2

  • 1Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Hudddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden.

Immunity
|June 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circulating T cells can become cytotoxic tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells, crucial for skin immunity. RUNX2 and RUNX3 transcription factors drive this differentiation, impacting melanoma patient survival.

Keywords:
CD69adaptive immunitycytotoxicitydifferentiationepigeneticintegrin α(1)β(1)integrin α(E)β(7)melanomaskintissue-resident memory cells

More Related Videos

Preparation of Single-cell Suspensions for Cytofluorimetric Analysis from Different Mouse Skin Regions
05:58

Preparation of Single-cell Suspensions for Cytofluorimetric Analysis from Different Mouse Skin Regions

Published on: April 20, 2016

18.5K
Ex Vivo Imaging of Resident CD8 T Lymphocytes in Human Lung Tumor Slices Using Confocal Microscopy
08:28

Ex Vivo Imaging of Resident CD8 T Lymphocytes in Human Lung Tumor Slices Using Confocal Microscopy

Published on: December 27, 2017

11.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture
10:31

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

Published on: April 8, 2016

14.6K
Preparation of Single-cell Suspensions for Cytofluorimetric Analysis from Different Mouse Skin Regions
05:58

Preparation of Single-cell Suspensions for Cytofluorimetric Analysis from Different Mouse Skin Regions

Published on: April 20, 2016

18.5K
Ex Vivo Imaging of Resident CD8 T Lymphocytes in Human Lung Tumor Slices Using Confocal Microscopy
08:28

Ex Vivo Imaging of Resident CD8 T Lymphocytes in Human Lung Tumor Slices Using Confocal Microscopy

Published on: December 27, 2017

11.4K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells are vital for immunosurveillance.
  • The differentiation pathways of cytotoxic epidermal TRM cells remain unclear.
  • Integrin CD49a identifies highly cytotoxic epidermal TRM cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the differentiation of cytotoxic epidermal TRM cells from circulating precursors.
  • To investigate the role of RUNT family transcription factors in TRM cell differentiation.
  • To explore the clinical relevance of these pathways in melanoma.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of RUNT family transcription-factor-binding motifs in human epidermal TRM cells.
  • Protein expression analysis of RUNX2 and RUNX3.
  • Sequencing of paired skin and blood samples to identify clonal overlap.
  • In vitro stimulation of circulating T cells with IL-15 and TGF-β.
  • Correlation analysis of RUNX2/RUNX3 expression with TRM cell signature and survival in melanoma patients.

Main Results:

  • Epidermal CD8+CD103+CD49a+ TRM cells show enriched RUNT motifs and high RUNX2/RUNX3 expression.
  • Clonal overlap exists between epidermal TRM cells and circulating memory T cells.
  • In vitro, IL-15 and TGF-β induce CD49a expression and cytotoxicity in a RUNX2/RUNX3-dependent manner.
  • High RUNX2 expression in melanoma patients correlates with a cytotoxic TRM cell signature and better survival.

Conclusions:

  • RUNX2 and RUNX3 are key regulators of cytotoxic CD8+CD103+CD49a+ TRM cell differentiation.
  • A circulating reservoir of T cells with cytotoxic TRM potential exists.
  • RUNX2 activity is linked to improved survival in melanoma patients, highlighting its clinical significance.