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Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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[Hereditary colorectal carcinogenesis].

Hendrik Bläker1

  • 1Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Liebigstraße 26, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland. hendrik.blaeker@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.

Pathologie (Heidelberg, Germany)
|June 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Hereditary colorectal cancer involves genetic mutations predisposing to cancer. Pathologists identify potential hereditary cases using morphology and clinical data, guiding genetic counseling for hereditary cancer risk.

Keywords:
Adenomatous polyposis coliCarcinogenesisGerm-line mutationLynch syndromePeutz-Jeghers syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Pathology

Context:

  • Hereditary cancer arises from inherited gene mutations.
  • Familial cancer may have unknown genetic links.
  • Colorectal cancer develops from benign polyps.

Purpose:

  • To summarize current knowledge on hereditary colorectal cancer.
  • To differentiate hereditary from familial cancer.
  • To highlight the role of pathologists in identifying hereditary cancer.

Summary:

  • Hereditary cancer is linked to specific gene mutations.
  • Familial cancer lacks detected mutations but may have genetic origins.
  • Colorectal cancer has distinct precursor development and malignant transformation pathways.
  • Hereditary colorectal cancer includes polypous and non-polypous types, affecting risk differently.
  • Pathologists are crucial for suspecting hereditary cancer and recommending genetic counseling.

Impact:

  • Improves understanding of hereditary colorectal cancer.
  • Aids in differentiating cancer types.
  • Enhances early detection and genetic counseling for at-risk individuals.