Mammalian-specific decellularized matrices derived bioink for bioengineering of liver tissue analogues: A review

The absolute shortage of compatible liver donors and the growing number of potential recipients have led scientists to explore alternative approaches to providing tissue/ organ substitutes from bioengineered sources. Bioartificial regeneration of a fully functional tissue/organ replacement is highly dependent on the right combination of engineering tools, biological principles, and materiobiology horizons. Over the past two decades, remarkable achievements have been made in hepatic tissue engineering by converging various advanced interdisciplinary research approaches. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has arisen as a promising state-of-the-art tool with strong potential to fabricate volumetric liver tissue/organ equivalents using viscosity- and degradation-controlled printable bioinks composed of hydrous microenvironments, and formulations containing living cells and associated supplements. Source of origin, biophysiochemical, or thermomechanical properties and crosslinking reaction kinetics are prerequisites for ideal bioink formulation and realizing the bioprinting process. In this review, we delve into the forecast of the potential future utility of bioprinting technology and the promise of tissue/organ- specific decellularized biomaterials as bioink substrates. Afterward, we outline various methods of decellularization, and the most relevant studies applying decellularized bioinks toward the bioengineering of in vitro liver models. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of decellularized material-based bioprinting in the direction of clinical regenerative medicine are presented to motivate further developments.