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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
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Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Transaxillary First Rib Resection for Treatment of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
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Transaxillary First Rib Resection for Treatment of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

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Shoulder Dysfunction Post Spinal Accessory Nerve Preserving Neck Dissections: Our Experience.

Kshitij Shah1, Shivali Patekar1, M Ishwarya1

  • 1Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, Maharashtra India.

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India
|June 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal accessory nerve preservation in neck dissections can reduce shoulder dysfunction. Active rehabilitation and follow-up are crucial for improving patient outcomes and quality of life after oral cancer surgery.

Keywords:
Arm abduction testNeck dissectionsShoulder dysfunctionShoulder syndromeSpinal accessory nerve

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Neck dissections are critical for oral cancer treatment but can lead to shoulder dysfunction.
  • Preserving the spinal accessory nerve aims to mitigate this specific morbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze functional outcomes in oral cancer patients undergoing neck dissections with spinal accessory nerve preservation.
  • To evaluate shoulder pain and disability post-surgery.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective observational study of 45 oral cancer patients.
  • Spinal accessory nerve function, shoulder pain, and disability (Arm abduction test) were assessed pre- and post-operatively.
  • Patients received rehabilitation and regular follow-up.

Main Results:

  • Postoperatively, 89% had limited arm abduction (score 1) and significant pain (scores 6 or 8).
  • After 6 months of rehabilitation, 62% improved to an arm abduction score of 4+, and all patients reported pain scores of 4 or less.

Conclusions:

  • Shoulder dysfunction can occur even with spinal accessory nerve preservation.
  • Active rehabilitation and consistent follow-up significantly reduce shoulder syndrome morbidity.