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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Oxidative phosphorylation in bone cells.

Elena Sabini1, Lorenzo Arboit1, Mohd Parvez Khan1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, PA, USA.

Bone Reports
|June 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone cells rely on energy metabolism, primarily glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), for function and differentiation. OXPHOS and glycolysis interplay is crucial for bone cell development and survival.

Keywords:
MitochondriaOXPHOSOsteoblastsOsteoclastsOsteocytes

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Area of Science:

  • Bone Biology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bone cells, including mesenchymal progenitors, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, are highly metabolically active.
  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is essential for bone cell function, generated via glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS).
  • Energy metabolism influences cellular functions, including differentiation and apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical roles of OXPHOS and glycolysis in bone cell differentiation.
  • To explore the interplay between OXPHOS and glycolysis in bone cells.
  • To discuss the regulation of bone cell function by energy metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on bone cell energy metabolism.
  • Analysis of the contribution of glycolysis and OXPHOS to ATP production in different bone cell types.
  • Examination of the impact of metabolic intermediates and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on bone cells.

Main Results:

  • Glycolysis is dominant in mesenchymal progenitors and osteoblasts, while OXPHOS is key in intermediate differentiation stages.
  • Osteoclasts increase OXPHOS during differentiation but remain ATP-depleted, impacting survival.
  • Metabolic pathways generate ROS and metabolites influencing epigenetics and cellular functions.

Conclusions:

  • Energy metabolism, particularly the balance between OXPHOS and glycolysis, is integral to bone cell differentiation and function.
  • Understanding these metabolic pathways is crucial for comprehending bone biology and disease.
  • Metabolic regulation impacts osteoclast survival and potentially other bone cell populations.