Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

From DNA to Protein

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...

The Central Dogma

The Central Dogma

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

Exon Recombination

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes.
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...

Complementary DNA

Complementary DNA

Organization of Genes

Organization of Genes

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A novel anti-virulence gene revealed by proteomic analysis in Shigella flexneri 2a.

Proteome science·2010

Same author

Delivery of siRNA therapeutics: barriers and carriers.

The AAPS journal·2010

Same author

Effect of Xuefu Zhuyu Capsule (血府逐瘀胶囊) on the symptoms and signs and health-related quality of life in the unstable angina patients with blood-stasis syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention: A Randomized controlled trial.

Chinese journal of integrative medicine·2010

Same author

Prognostic factors and outcome of 438 Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma underwent partial hepatectomy in a single center.

World journal of surgery·2010

Same author

Proteomic analysis of hydrogen photoproduction in sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas cells.

Journal of proteome research·2010

Same author

MSU-S mesoporous materials: an efficient catalyst for isomerization of alpha-pinene.

Bioresource technology·2010

Same journal

Mapping the 3D Chromosome Organization of a Biosynthetic Gene Cluster by Capture Hi-C (CHi-C).

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Mapping the 3D Chromosome Organization of Streptomyces by Hi-C.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

CUT&Tag Epigenomic Profiling of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Rhizobium rhizogenes-Mediated Hairy Root Transformation Protocol for Lotus japonicus and Other Legumes.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Characterization of Bioactive Saponins from Sea Cucumbers.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Methods for Functional Validation of Terpenoid Metabolic Clusters in Nicotiana benthamiana and Aspergillus oryzae.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Optimizing the Genetic Incorporation of Chemical Probes into GPCRs for Photo-crosslinking Mapping and Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Live Mammalian Cells

Optimizing the Genetic Incorporation of Chemical Probes into GPCRs for Photo-crosslinking Mapping and Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Live Mammalian Cells

Published on: April 9, 2018

Genetic Code Expansion in Mammalian Cells.

Zhigang Wu¹, Jie Wang²

¹Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|June 5, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a method to insert noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into specific protein sites in mammalian cells. This technique allows for bioorthogonal labeling and tracking of proteins of interest (POIs) in live cells.

Keywords:

Cell transfection Genetic code expansion Mammalian cells Non-canonical amino acids Stable cell line

More Related Videos

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Published on: August 1, 2016

Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion

Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion

Published on: February 10, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Optimizing the Genetic Incorporation of Chemical Probes into GPCRs for Photo-crosslinking Mapping and Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Live Mammalian Cells

Optimizing the Genetic Incorporation of Chemical Probes into GPCRs for Photo-crosslinking Mapping and Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Live Mammalian Cells

Published on: April 9, 2018

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Published on: August 1, 2016

Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion

Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion

Published on: February 10, 2023

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Synthetic Biology

Background:

The genetic code can be expanded to incorporate noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) at specific protein locations.
ncAAs serve as unique handles for attaching molecules to proteins of interest (POIs).
This enables the use of bioorthogonal reactions for studying POIs in biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a fundamental protocol for incorporating ncAAs into POIs within mammalian cells.
To facilitate the use of bioorthogonal chemistry for monitoring and manipulating POIs.

Main Methods:

Utilizing genetic code expansion techniques to site-specifically incorporate ncAAs into a target protein.
Employing bioorthogonal reactions for detection and manipulation of the ncAA-tagged POI in live mammalian cells.

Main Results:

Successful incorporation of ncAAs into a defined site of a POI in mammalian cells.
Demonstration of the utility of ncAAs as handles for bioorthogonal labeling and functional studies.

Conclusions:

The described protocol provides a basic framework for ncAA incorporation in mammalian cells.
This method enhances the ability to study protein interactions, localization, function, and modification using bioorthogonal chemistry.