Speaking the host language: how Salmonella effector proteins manipulate the host

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Cell Biology
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Salmonella employs over 40 effector proteins, delivered via a type III secretion system, to manipulate host cell processes.
• A significant number of these effectors (at least 25) mediate eukaryotic-like post-translational modifications (PTMs) of host proteins.

Approach:

• This review synthesizes current knowledge on Salmonella effector proteins and their biochemical activities.
• It focuses on the PTMs induced by these effectors and their consequences for host cells and infection.
• The assessment covers the Salmonella type III secretion system injectosome's role in delivering these effectors.

Key Points:

• Salmonella effectors subvert host cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and immune responses.
• The enzymatic activities of effectors lead to diverse downstream changes, impacting infection outcomes.
• Many Salmonella effectors possess unique enzymatic activities, expanding understanding of host signaling and bacterial pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

• Salmonella's manipulation of host PTMs is a critical mechanism in pathogenesis.
• Further research is needed to characterize the functions of numerous poorly understood Salmonella effectors.
• Understanding these effectors offers insights into bacterial virulence and potential therapeutic targets.