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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Engineering the IL-4/IL-13 axis for targeted immune modulation.

Zachary J Bernstein^1,2, Anjali Shenoy^1,2, Amy Chen³

¹Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Immunological Reviews

|June 7, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 are key cytokines in immune responses and Type 2 inflammation. Bioengineering strategies are being developed to manipulate the IL-4/IL-13 axis for novel immunotherapies.

Keywords:

T cells allergy antibody autoimmune disease cell therapy cytokine dupilumab interleukin-13 interleukin-4 protein engineering

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Published on: December 30, 2016

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Bioengineering

Background:

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 are structurally and functionally related cytokines crucial for immune activity.
The IL-4/IL-13 axis is central to T helper 2 (Th2) cell-mediated Type 2 inflammation, important for defense against pathogens and regulating allergic responses.
These cytokines influence diverse immune and non-hematopoietic cells, impacting immune regulation, antibody production, and fibrosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current bioengineering and synthetic biology approaches aimed at manipulating the IL-4/IL-13 axis.
To explore strategies for modulating immune behavior and developing novel therapeutics targeting IL-4 and IL-13 pathways.
To discuss the application of these strategies in understanding IL-4/IL-13 biology and discovering immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

Cytokine engineering strategies
Formulation of fusion proteins
Development of antagonists
Cell engineering approaches
Biosensor design

Main Results:

Various bioengineering strategies have been employed to dissect IL-4 and IL-13 signaling pathways.
These approaches facilitate the discovery of new immunotherapies for conditions such as allergy, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
Ongoing research leverages these tools to advance the fundamental understanding of IL-4/IL-13 biology.

Conclusions:

The IL-4/IL-13 network is a significant target for therapeutic intervention.
Bioengineering offers powerful tools to modulate immune responses mediated by IL-4 and IL-13.
Emerging bioengineering technologies hold promise for developing effective immunotherapies and deepening our understanding of immune system functions.