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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Neurodegeneration: 2022 update.

John F Crary1

  • 1Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research CoRE, Department of Pathology, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Department of Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights impactful neuropathology research in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on histopathology and diverse experimental approaches. Key findings include insights into aging, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, alongside emerging links to COVID-19.

Keywords:
AgingAlzheimer diseaseHuntington’s diseaseMicrogliaNeurodegenerationNeuropathologyTDP-43 proteinopathyTauopathyTraumatic brain injuryα-synucleinopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuropathology
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Histopathology

Background:

  • Recent advancements in neurodegenerative disease research are extensive.
  • Focus on histopathological studies relevant to experimental and diagnostic neuropathology.
  • Effort to balance disease categories and experimental approaches for a comprehensive overview.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review impactful recent manuscripts and research trends in neuropathology of neurodegeneration.
  • To provide a balanced perspective on diverse studies and experimental approaches.
  • To showcase progress across various neurodegenerative disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Stereological studies of dystrophic microglia in aging.
  • Large genetic study of primary age-related tauopathy.
  • Neuropathological criteria and staging of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
  • Genetic studies investigating TMEM106B in TDP-43 proteinopathy.
  • Molecular subtyping of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Investigation of VEGF family in cognitive impairment.
  • Gene expression profiling of myeloid cells in Parkinson's disease.
  • Autopsy series on CNS developmental malformations in Huntington's disease.
  • Development of a system for assessing Lewy body pathology.
  • Review of potential long-term links between COVID-19 and neurodegeneration.

Main Results:

  • Insights into aging microglia, age-related tauopathy, and Alzheimer's disease.
  • Advances in chronic traumatic encephalopathy staging.
  • Emerging links between TMEM106B and TDP-43 proteinopathy.
  • Molecular insights into Alzheimer's disease subtypes.
  • Evidence for VEGF in cognitive impairment.
  • Potential biomarkers and mechanistic insights for Parkinson's disease.
  • Increased frequency of CNS malformations in Huntington's disease.
  • Proposed system for Lewy body pathology assessment.
  • Lingering concerns regarding COVID-19 and neurodegeneration.

Conclusions:

  • The reviewed studies represent significant progress across neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Histopathological and genetic approaches are crucial for understanding these diseases.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex mechanisms and potential long-term effects, including those related to COVID-19.