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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...
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Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
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Stabilizing Lattice Oxygen in a P2-Na

Guangzheng Shao1, Weijin Kong1, Yang Yu1

  • 1Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.

Inorganic Chemistry
|June 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Coating sodium-ion battery cathodes with Li2ZrO3 and doping with Li+/Zr4+ enhances stability and performance. This "three-in-one" modification improves cyclic stability and rate capability for advanced sodium-ion batteries.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • P2-type Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2 (MF) is a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high capacity and low cost.
  • Poor cyclic stability and rate performance, linked to lattice oxygen instability, limit MF's practical use in SIBs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the cyclic stability and rate performance of P2-type MF cathode materials for SIBs.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of Li2ZrO3 coating and Li+/Zr4+ co-doping on MF cathode performance.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for improved electrochemical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Li2ZrO3 coating and Li+/Zr4+ co-doping of P2-type Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2 cathode material.
  • Electrochemical characterization to evaluate cycle stability and rate performance.
  • Material characterization techniques to reveal modification mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The combined Li2ZrO3 coating and Li+/Zr4+ doping significantly improved cycle stability and rate performance of the MF cathode.
  • Zr4+ doping increased interlayer spacing, reduced Na+ diffusion barriers, and suppressed the Jahn-Teller effect by lowering the Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio.
  • The Li2ZrO3 coating effectively suppressed side reactions between the cathode and electrolyte, enhancing overall material stability.

Conclusions:

  • The synergistic modification strategy effectively stabilizes lattice oxygen and enhances anionic redox reversibility in layered oxide cathodes.
  • This approach offers a promising pathway for developing high-performance and stable cathode materials for next-generation sodium-ion batteries.
  • The findings provide valuable insights into stabilizing lattice oxygen for advanced SIB cathode applications.