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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

2.4K
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
545
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

235
In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
235
Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

1.1K
Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
1.1K
Emission Spectra02:39

Emission Spectra

55.7K
When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
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Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow
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A structured jet explains the extreme GRB 221009A.

Brendan O'Connor1,2,3,4, Eleonora Troja5,6, Geoffrey Ryan7

  • 1Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.

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|June 7, 2023
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The brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) 221009A

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Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics
  • Cosmic explosions
  • Gamma-ray bursts

Background:

  • Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) signify the explosive deaths of massive stars.
  • GRB 221009A, the brightest GRB recorded, presents a unique opportunity to test astrophysical theories due to its immense energy and proximity.
  • Its characteristics challenge existing models of relativistic jet emission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the afterglow evolution of GRB 221009A using multiwavelength observations.
  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed X-ray afterglow decay.
  • To determine if GRB 221009A's properties are consistent with standard GRB emission models.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition and analysis of multiwavelength observational data for GRB 221009A.
  • Modeling the X-ray afterglow light curve to determine decay properties.
  • Comparison of observed decay slopes with theoretical predictions for jetted emission.

Main Results:

  • The X-ray afterglow of GRB 221009A exhibited a power-law decay with a slope of approximately t-1.66.
  • This decay slope deviates significantly from predictions for standard uniform relativistic jets.
  • Similar decay trends were noted in other highly energetic GRBs.

Conclusions:

  • The observed X-ray decay suggests a shallow energy profile within the relativistic jet of GRB 221009A.
  • This finding implies that exceptionally energetic GRBs might originate from structured jets.
  • The central engine powering these extreme explosions could be a common mechanism across different GRBs.