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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses
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Predominantly defective CD8

Ellie Taus1, Michael Y Shino2, F Javier Ibarrondo2

  • 1Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.

Journal of Translational Medicine
|June 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

mRNA vaccines are less effective in lung transplant recipients. This study found a specific defect in CD8+ T cell responses, crucial for fighting infections and preventing organ rejection. Enhancing vaccine effectiveness in immunocompromised individuals is needed.

Keywords:
COVID-19 mRNA vaccineCellular immunityLung transplantationSARS-CoV-2Solid organ transplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Transplantation Science

Background:

  • mRNA vaccines are effective against SARS-CoV-2 but may fail in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Cellular immunity, particularly CD8+ T cells, is vital for protection against severe COVID-19.
  • Lung transplant recipients are a vulnerable group with poorly characterized vaccine responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate T cell responses to mRNA vaccination in lung transplant recipients.
  • To compare cellular immunity in lung transplant recipients with healthy controls.
  • To identify potential defects in vaccine-induced immune responses in immunocompromised individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed anti-spike T cell responses in lung transplant recipients and healthy controls post-mRNA vaccination.
  • Stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein peptides.
  • Utilized intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry to measure T cell responses, including after in vitro culture to enrich memory cells.

Main Results:

  • Lung transplant recipients showed reduced CD8+ T cell memory responses compared to healthy controls after vaccination or booster.
  • CD4+ T cell memory responses were relatively similar between groups.
  • Vaccine-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses correlated well in controls but poorly in transplant recipients.

Conclusions:

  • Lung transplant recipients exhibit a specific defect in CD8+ T cell responses following mRNA vaccination.
  • CD8+ T cells are critical for both antiviral immunity and preventing organ transplant rejection.
  • Strategies to improve vaccine immunogenicity in immunocompromised populations are necessary.