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Isomerism02:43

Isomerism

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Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Isomers can be further classified into constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Constitutional isomers differ in the connectivity of their constituent atoms. For example, 2-butanol and diethyl ether are constitutional isomers, as they have the same chemical formula, C4H10O, but differ in the connectivity of the carbon and oxygen atoms. Constitutional isomers have different physical and chemical...
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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
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Elements have a set number of protons that determines their atomic number (Z). For example, all atoms with eight protons are oxygen; however, the number of neutrons can vary for atoms of the same element. The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. Elements can have multiple isotopes, for example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
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Alkenes like 1-butene and 2-butene exhibit constitutional isomerism, as they differ in the position of the double bond. Further, 2-butene exhibits stereoisomerism and exists as two distinct compounds differing in spatial arrangement.
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A weir is a hydraulic structure designed to partially obstruct an open channel, enabling precise control and measurement of water flow. By forcing water to flow over or through it, a weir allows for accurate determination of discharge rates, making it an essential tool in water resource management. These structures are extensively used in regulating river flows, irrigation systems, and flood control channels.Types of Weirs and Their FeaturesWeirs are categorized primarily into sharp-crested and...
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Insomnia

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Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and waking up too early without being able to return to sleep. People with insomnia often experience these disruptions at least three nights a week for at least one month. Chronic insomnia, which lasts for at least three months, can lead to increased anxiety, which in turn can worsen sleep difficulties, creating a cycle of sleeplessness and stress.
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Is

Jane Marian Luis1, Hillary L Mehl1,2, Dianne Plewa3

  • 1Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Suffolk, VA 23437.

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|June 9, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigated fungi associated with corn tar spot fisheye lesions. Most isolates were identified as Fusarium species, suggesting previous misidentification of Microdochium maydis.

Keywords:
FusariumMonographellacornfisheye lesion

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Pathology
  • Mycology
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Tar spot, caused by Phyllachora maydis, is an emerging corn disease.
  • Necrotic lesions, termed 'fisheyes,' surround P. maydis stromata.
  • These lesions were previously attributed to Microdochium maydis, with limited recent documentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify Microdochium-like fungi associated with fisheye lesions surrounding P. maydis.
  • To clarify the causal agents of fisheye symptoms in corn tar spot disease.

Main Methods:

  • Collected corn leaf samples with fisheye lesions from Mexico, Illinois, and Wisconsin.
  • Isolated and cultured fungi from lesions, including isolates presumed to be M. maydis from Mexico.
  • Utilized multi-gene phylogenetic analysis (ITS, TEF1-α, RPB1, RPB2) for isolate identification.

Main Results:

  • 101 Microdochium/Fusarium-like isolates were obtained; 91% identified as Fusarium spp. via ITS sequencing.
  • Phylogenetic analyses confirmed all isolates clustered within Fusarium lineages, distinct from Microdochium.
  • Fusarium isolates from Mexico belonged to the F. incarnatum-equiseti complex; U.S. isolates were primarily in the F. sambucinum complex.

Conclusions:

  • The fungi causing fisheye lesions are predominantly Fusarium species, not Microdochium maydis.
  • Previous reports of M. maydis associated with these lesions likely resulted from misidentification.
  • This research clarifies the fungal etiology of fisheye symptoms in corn tar spot.