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Related Concept Videos

Appendicitis-I: Introduction01:22

Appendicitis-I: Introduction

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The appendix, a small, narrow, blind tube extending from the inferior part of the cecum, is widely regarded as a vestigial organ, having lost much of its original function through evolution. Despite its diminished role, the appendix can become inflamed, a condition known as appendicitis.
Etiology: Appendicitis can arise from various causes, primarily rooted in the obstruction of the appendix lumen. Factors contributing to this obstruction include fecal accumulation, lymphoid hyperplasia and, in...
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Assessment of the Abdomen I: Inspection and Auscultation01:25

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Introduction
The abdominal examination is a cornerstone of clinical medicine, serving as a critical tool in diagnosing various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. It involves a systematic approach that includes inspection and auscultation, each with distinct yet complementary roles in assessing the abdomen. This article will delve into these two primary methods healthcare professionals use to examine the abdomen.
Inspection of the Abdomen
The first step in any abdominal examination is inspection....
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Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:30

Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

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Acute pancreatitis presents a complex medical emergency characterized by rapid onset inflammation of the pancreas, demanding timely diagnosis and management to prevent complications. The condition primarily manifests through severe upper abdominal pain that often radiates to the back. This pain intensifies following the consumption of fatty foods. Accompanying symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, and jaundice can vary in intensity but significantly...
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Appendicitis-II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:29

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Diagnosing and managing appendicitis requires a structured and comprehensive approach that spans from initial assessment to postoperative care. Here is an overview of the process:
Diagnosing Appendicitis
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Assessment of the Abdomen II: Percussion01:18

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Percussion is a fundamental technique used to assess the liver, spleen, and abdominal organs by tapping the abdomen and interpreting the resulting sounds. This method helps identify fluid, distention, and masses through variations in sound, such as the high-pitched tympany of air-filled areas and the dullness of solid masses. Understanding how to percuss these organs provides valuable information for healthcare professionals in diagnosing conditions early.
Percussion
Percussion is an essential...
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Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

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Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...
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[The acute abdomen in children].

Till-Martin Theilen1, Udo Rolle2

  • 1Klinik für Kinderchirurgie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland.

Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin Und Notfallmedizin
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PubMed
Summary

Acute abdomen in children requires prompt diagnosis to prevent organ loss or shock. Early evaluation of symptoms and medical history is crucial for timely treatment, though some conditions like PIMS-TS may not need surgery.

Keywords:
Abdominal painEmergenciesPeritonitisSARS-CoV‑2Sepsis

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Emergency Medicine
  • Gastroenterology
  • Surgical Pediatrics

Context:

  • 8-10% of pediatric emergency room visits involve acute abdominal pain.
  • A systematic diagnostic approach is vital to exclude emergent conditions.
  • Acute abdomen in children presents a diagnostic challenge due to diverse etiologies.

Purpose:

  • To review the causes, clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, and management of acute abdomen in pediatric patients.
  • To differentiate between surgical and non-surgical causes of acute abdomen.
  • To highlight emerging conditions like PIMS-TS and their impact on treatment paradigms.

Summary:

  • Causes include inflammation, ischemia, obstruction, bleeding, and referred pain from extra-abdominal sources.
  • Key symptoms are abdominal pain, vomiting, guarding, and signs of systemic compromise (tachycardia, tachypnea, shock).
  • While emergent surgery is often indicated, conditions such as pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporarily associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (PIMS-TS) may require conservative management.

Impact:

  • Timely diagnosis and intervention can prevent irreversible organ damage and life-threatening complications.
  • A thorough history and physical examination are paramount for accurate diagnosis.
  • Understanding the varied presentations ensures appropriate and timely patient care, improving outcomes.