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Related Concept Videos

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Nucleoid01:24

Nucleoid

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The nucleoid represents a structurally and functionally distinct region within prokaryotic cells, where the cell's DNA and associated proteins are housed. Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus, and the nucleoid facilitates the organization and accessibility of the genetic material within this constraint. The DNA in most bacteria and archaea exists as a single, circular, double-stranded molecule that is highly compacted through supercoiling and interactions with...
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Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Measuring Nucleotide Binding to Intact, Functional Membrane Proteins in Real Time
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Putative nucleotide-based second messengers in archaea.

Chris van der Does1, Frank Braun1, Hongcheng Ren1

  • 1Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.

Microlife
|June 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Archaea utilize nucleotide-based second messengers for cellular signaling, with cyclic di-AMP and cyclic oligoadenylates having defined roles in osmoregulation and antiviral defense, respectively. Further research is needed to elucidate the functions of other identified messengers.

Keywords:
archaeacyclic diadenylatecyclic oligoadenylatesecond messengersignaling

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Second messengers are crucial for signal transduction in all domains of life.
  • Nucleotide-based second messengers are well-characterized in bacteria and eukaryotes.
  • Archaea also possess nucleotide-based second messengers, but their roles are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the current understanding of nucleotide-based second messengers in archaea.
  • To highlight known functions and identify areas requiring further investigation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on archaeal second messengers.
  • Comparative analysis of second messenger systems across different archaeal phyla and with bacteria/eukaryotes.

Main Results:

  • Cyclic di-AMP (cd-AMP) is involved in osmoregulation in Euryarchaea, similar to its role in bacteria.
  • Cyclic oligoadenylates are key activators of CRISPR-Cas systems for antiviral defense in archaea.
  • Several other cyclic nucleotides and dinucleotides have been identified, but their functions and pathways remain largely unelucidated.
  • The synthesis enzymes for 3'-3'-cGAMP are present in Euryarchaea, though the molecule itself has not been detected.
  • Bacterial second messengers cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (cdGMP) and guanosine polyphosphates (ppGpp/pApp) are absent in archaea.

Conclusions:

  • Nucleotide-based second messengers play diverse roles in archaea, including osmoregulation and immunity.
  • While some messengers are well-defined, many require further functional and pathway characterization.
  • Archaea possess a unique repertoire of second messengers, distinct from bacteria in some aspects.