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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Diagram01:19

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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True First-Order Surface Phase Transition without Nanoscale Phase Separation.

Hyungjoon Shim1, Geunseop Lee1

  • 1Department of Physics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.

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|June 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that indium wires on Si(111) exhibit a near-ideal first-order surface phase transition, avoiding nanoscale phase separation when impurities are absent. Impurities, however, lead to phase separation and gradual transitions.

Keywords:
array of indium wirescharge density wavefirst-order phase transitionnanoscale phase separationscanning tunneling microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Nanoscale phase separation is a common phenomenon in materials, particularly during surface phase transitions.
  • First-order surface phase transitions often exhibit phase separation, complicating thermodynamic understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a surface phase transition occurring close to a true first-order transition.
  • To understand the role of impurities in nanoscale phase separation during surface phase transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental observation of an indium wire array on Si(111).
  • Analysis of the charge-density-wave (CDW) transition.
  • Comparison of transitions with and without indium adatom impurities.

Main Results:

  • An array of indium wires on Si(111) undergoes a first-order charge-density-wave (CDW) transition with minimal to no phase separation when free of indium adatom impurities.
  • The lack of phase separation is linked to a small difference in substrate strain between the normal and CDW phases.
  • Indium adatom impurities induce phase separation, resulting in a gradual and incomplete transition.

Conclusions:

  • Surface phase transitions can occur with minimal phase separation under specific conditions, approaching ideal first-order behavior.
  • Substrate strain differences play a crucial role in suppressing nanoscale phase separation.
  • Impurities significantly disrupt the transition process, highlighting the importance of material purity for fundamental studies.