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Updated: Jul 26, 2025
A Low Mortality Rat Model to Assess Delayed Cerebral Vasospasm After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Published on: January 17, 2013
Pretreatment with Clodronate Improved Neurological Function by Preventing Reduction of Posthemorrhagic Cerebral Blood
Hiroki Uchikawa1,2, Koki Kameno1,2, Keitaro Kai2
1Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.
Background:
Brain perivascular macrophages (PVMs) are potential treatment targets for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and previous studies revealed that their depletion by clodronate (CLD) improved outcomes after experimental SAH. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated whether reducing PVMs by CLD pretreatment improves SAH prognosis by inhibiting posthemorrhagic impairment of cerebral blood flow (CBF).
Methods:
In total, 80 male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intracerebroventricular injection of the vehicle (liposomes) or CLD. Subsequently, the rats were categorized into the prechiasmatic saline injection (sham) and blood injection (SAH) groups after 72 h. We assessed its effects on weak and severe SAH, which were induced by 200- and 300-µL arterial blood injections, respectively. In addition, neurological function at 72 h and CBF changes from before the intervention to 5 min after were assessed in rats after sham/SAH induction as the primary and secondary end points, respectively.
Results:
CLD significantly reduced PVMs before SAH induction. Although pretreatment with CLD in the weak SAH group provided no additive effects on the primary end point, rats in the severe SAH group showed significant improvement in the rotarod test. In the severe SAH group, CLD inhibited acute reduction of CBF and tended to decrease hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression. Furthermore, CLD reduced the number of PVMs in rats subjected to sham and SAH surgery, although no effects were observed in oxidative stress and inflammation.
Conclusions:
Our study proposes that pretreatment with CLD-targeting PVMs can improve the prognosis of severe SAH through a candidate mechanism of inhibition of posthemorrhagic CBF reduction.
