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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which are...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
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Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...
Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
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Atomic Weight01:25

Atomic Weight

Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, about 1.67 × 10-24 grams. Scientists arbitrarily define this amount of mass as one atomic mass unit (amu) or one Dalton. Electrons are much smaller in mass than protons, weighing only 9.11 × 10-28 grams, or about 1/1800 of an atomic mass unit. As a result, they do not contribute much to an element's overall atomic mass. This means that, when considering atomic mass, it is customary to ignore the mass of any electrons and calculate the...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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A chip-scale atomic beam clock.

Gabriela D Martinez1,2, Chao Li3,4, Alexander Staron1,2

  • 1Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.

Nature Communications
|June 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We demonstrated a chip-scale atomic beam clock using coherent population trapping (CPT) for precise timekeeping. This new device achieves high frequency stability, paving the way for next-generation atomic clocks.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic physics and precision measurement.
  • Development of miniaturized atomic clocks.
  • Quantum optics and spectroscopy.

Background:

  • Atomic beams are crucial for commercial frequency standards.
  • Existing chip-scale clocks have limitations in long-term stability.
  • Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) is a key technique for atomic clocks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a chip-scale microwave atomic beam clock.
  • To utilize CPT interrogation in a passively pumped atomic beam device.
  • To assess the frequency stability of the developed chip-scale clock.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a hermetically sealed vacuum cell using anodically bonded glass and Si wafers.
  • Generation of Rubidium (Rb) atomic beams using lithographically defined capillaries.
  • Ramsey CPT spectroscopy of the atomic beam over a 10 mm distance.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of a prototype chip-scale microwave atomic beam clock.
  • Achieved fractional frequency stability of approximately 1.2 × 10-9/τ1/2 for integration times from 1s to 250s.
  • Stability was limited by detection noise.

Conclusions:

  • The demonstrated chip-scale atomic beam clock shows promise for exceeding current stability limits.
  • Optimized devices may achieve long-term stability below 10-12.
  • This technology offers a pathway to advanced, compact atomic clocks.