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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Same author

[Intraoperative visualization of central zone lymph nodes after hemithyroidectomy in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma].

Khirurgiia·2025
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[Pheochromocytoma associated with primary hyperparathyroidism and type 1 neurofibromatosis].

Khirurgiia·2023
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Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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[Oncological alertness in Graves disease].

E V Ryabchenko1

  • 1Regional Clinical Hospital No. 2, Krasnodar, Russia.

Khirurgiia
|June 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The risk of thyroid cancer is higher in Graves' disease patients with nodular lesions after thyroidectomy. Ultrasound and lymph node examination are crucial for surgical planning in these patients.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Surgical Pathology

Context:

  • Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder leading to hyperthyroidism.
  • Thyroidectomy is a common surgical treatment for GD.
  • The incidence of thyroid cancer in GD patients post-thyroidectomy requires further investigation.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the risk of thyroid cancer in patients with Graves' disease following thyroidectomy.
  • To determine if preoperative nodular goiter influences thyroid cancer risk in GD patients.

Summary:

  • A retrospective study analyzed 121 Graves' disease patients who underwent thyroidectomy.
  • Thyroid cancer was diagnosed in 28.1% of patients; 51.2% had preoperative nodular goiter.
  • Thyroid cancer incidence was significantly higher in patients with nodular lesions (38% vs. 16%, p=0.009). Papillary thyroid cancer was most common.
Keywords:
Graves’ diseasethyroid cancerthyroid node

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Impact:

  • Identifies nodular lesions as a risk factor for thyroid cancer in Graves' disease patients.
  • Highlights the importance of preoperative ultrasound and lymph node assessment in surgical planning.
  • Informs clinical management strategies for Graves' disease patients undergoing thyroidectomy.