Research Progress in Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia: A Narrative Review

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is an immune disorder characterized by maternal antibodies that destroy fetal platelets, leading to thrombocytopenia. The prevalence of NAIT is approximately 0.05% to 0.15%. Fetal and neonatal severe thrombocytopenia represents the most common form of the disease, primarily occurring in firstborn children. It poses a greater risk and harm to the fetus and newborn. Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage is a severe complication of NAIT, resulting in irreversible damage to cranial nerves and potential neonatal death.

This study aims to assess the current advancements in the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, laboratory evaluation, and therapeutic interventions for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

This narrative review explores neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia through a thorough literature review. The study encompasses the pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory examination, and treatment options associated with this condition.

The results of this study highlight that despite the extremely low incidence of NAIT, it carries a high risk. Currently, there is no timely and effective prevention method available. However, using HPA-1a as a screening item for prenatal prevention shows the potential to reduce the mortality rate of NAIT fetuses. Further research is required to evaluate its accuracy and specificity.

The findings of this review emphasize the need for further research to develop effective prevention methods. The use of HPA-1a as a screening tool holds promise but requires additional investigation. Enhancing clinical understanding of NAIT will contribute to improved management and outcomes for affected infants.