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Trace-Level Determination of Triazole Fungicides Using Effervescence-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on
Rawikan Kachangoon1, Jitlada Vichapong1,2, Yanawath Santaladchaiyakit3
1Creative Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand.
Effervescence-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction using deep eutectic solvents offers a simple, sensitive method for detecting triazole fungicides. This technique enhances residue analysis in environmental and food samples with high efficiency.
Area of Science:
- Analytical Chemistry
- Environmental Science
Background:
- Triazole fungicides are widely used in agriculture, necessitating sensitive detection methods.
- Existing preconcentration techniques can be complex or require specialized equipment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a simple and sensitive preconcentration method for triazole fungicide residues.
- To enable accurate determination using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection.
Main Methods:
- Effervescence-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (EALLME) utilizing a ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES).
- DES composed of octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and dodecanoic acid, with sodium bicarbonate for effervescence.
- Optimization of analytical parameters to maximize extraction efficiency.
Main Results:
- Good linearity (R² > 0.997) in the 1-1000 μg L⁻¹ range.
- Low limits of detection (LODs) from 0.3-1.0 μg L⁻¹.
- High enrichment factors (112-142 folds) and acceptable recoveries (82-106%) with good precision (RSD < 4.89%).
Conclusions:
- The developed EALLME-DES method is effective for preconcentrating triazole fungicides.
- Successfully applied to real samples including water, honey, and beans.
- Presents a promising, efficient alternative for triazole residue analysis.
