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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

1.2K
There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
1.2K
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

1.9K
When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
1.9K
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

468
A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
468
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

2.5K
When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
2.5K
Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

818
The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
818
NMR Spectrometers: Overview01:20

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

1.2K
NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2025

O-cresol Concentration Online Measurement Based On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Via Partial Least Square Regression
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Scalable, modular continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy system (Spotlight).

Daniel Anaya1, Gautam Batra1, Peter Bracewell1

  • 1Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States.

Journal of Biomedical Optics
|June 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

We developed Spotlight, a portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system for brain-computer interfaces (BCI). This modular device achieved high accuracy in decoding finger-tapping tasks, enhancing non-invasive neuroscience research.

Keywords:
brain–computer interfacediffuse optical tomographyfunctional near-infrared spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique.
  • Existing fNIRS devices can be bulky and lack portability, limiting their application in real-world scenarios.
  • Advancements in portable and modular fNIRS systems are crucial for expanding neuroscience and brain-computer interface (BCI) research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce Spotlight, a novel fiberless, portable, and modular continuous wave-functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system.
  • To enhance the accessibility and power of fNIRS devices for neuroscience and BCI applications.
  • To provide designs that can foster further innovation in fNIRS technology.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a modular fNIRS system (Spotlight) with palm-sized modules containing high-density LED and silicon photomultiplier detector arrays.
  • Embedded optoelectronic components in a flexible membrane for optimal scalp coupling.
  • Validated system performance using phantoms and conducted a human finger-tapping experiment with custom 3D-printed caps.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated sensor characteristics through phantom validation.
  • Successfully captured motor cortical hemodynamic responses during a finger-tapping task in human subjects.
  • Achieved offline decoding accuracy of median 69.6% (up to 94.7%) for task conditions, with comparable real-time accuracy.
  • Observed a correlation between custom cap fit, hemodynamic response magnitude, and decoding accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Spotlight represents a significant step towards more accessible and powerful fNIRS systems.
  • The modular and portable design facilitates broader application in BCI research.
  • Improved cap fit enhances the quality of neuroimaging data and decoding performance in fNIRS studies.