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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Filopodia are thin, actin-rich cellular protrusions that play an important role in many fundamental cellular functions. They vary in their occurrence, length, and positioning in different cell types, suggesting their diverse roles.
Their main function is to guide migrating cells during normal tissue morphogenesis or cancer metastasis by recognizing and making initial contacts with the extracellular matrix. However, they can also act as stationary cell anchors or help to establish communication...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Mechanochromic Polymers Based on Mechanophores.

Yinliang Huang1, Shuai Huang1, Quan Li1

  • 1Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.

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|June 16, 2023
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Summary

Smart mechanochromic polymers change color when force is applied, offering advantages for sensing and bionic applications. This review covers polymers with dispersed or linked mechanophores for advanced material design.

Keywords:
dynamic covalent chemistrymechanochromismmechanoluminescencemechanophorespolymers

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Stimuli-responsive allochroic materials, particularly mechanochromic polymers, are gaining attention due to the controllability of force fields.
  • These polymers convert mechanical stress into optical signals, enabling diverse applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the design and development of mechanochromic polymers.
  • To categorize these polymers based on mechanophore integration and discuss their working mechanisms and applications.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of mechanochromic polymers into two categories: those with physically dispersed mechanophores and those with covalently linked mechanophores.
  • Analysis of the working mechanisms of mechanophores within polymer matrices.

Main Results:

  • Mechanochromic polymers are designed with mechanophores either dispersed in supramolecular aggregates or covalently linked to polymer networks.
  • The review highlights the potential applications of these materials in areas such as damage monitoring and signal sensing.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanochromic polymers represent a significant advancement in smart materials, offering versatile applications.
  • Further research into mechanophore design and integration will drive innovation in bionic actuators, encryption, and sensing technologies.