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Experimental manipulation leading to induction of dorsal ectodermal ridges on normal limb buds results in a phenocopy
Abstract:
Elongation of chick limb buds depends on the presence of the apical ectodermal ridge which is induced by subjacent limb bud mesoderm. Recombination experiments have shown that the limb bud mesoderm loses the capacity to induce ridges by late stage 17. Moreover, in normal limb development only one ridge forms. However, in the eudiplopodia chick mutant accessory ectodermal ridges form on the dorsal surface of limb buds as late as stage 22. Tissue recombinant experiments show that the mutation affects the ectoderm, extending the time it responds to ridge induction (R.A. Fraser and U.K. Abbott (1971). J. Exp. Zool. 176, 237-248) while the mesoderm is normal. The result is polydactyly, with extra digits dorsal to the normal digits. Because eudiplopodia limb bud dorsal mesoderm can induce ridges at stage 22 but is unaffected by the gene, genetically normal dorsal limb bud mesoderm may also be able to induce ridges after stage 17. To test this possibility we grafted stages 14-18 flank ectoderm to normal limb bud dorsal mesoderm and found that mesoderm from stages 17 through 20 was able to induce a ridge and subsequently dorsal digits developed. Limbs with duplicate digits were similar to eudiplopodia limbs. In other experiments, stage 18, 19, and 20 leg bud dorsal ectoderm did not form ridges when grafted to leg bud dorsal mesoderm of the same stage, indicating a lack of response to the mesoderm. Finally, the inductive capacity of limb bud mesoderm appeared to be reduced compared to mesoderm at pre-limb bud stages. These experiments demonstrate a spatially generalized potential in limb bud dorsal mesoderm to induce ridges during the stages when the apical ridge is induced. The determination of where the ridge will form and the acquired inability of limb bud dorsal ectoderm to respond to induction by underlying mesoderm are necessary early pattern forming events which assure that a single proximodistal limb axis will form.