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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Single-Molecule Tracking Microscopy - A Tool for Determining the Diffusive States of Cytosolic Molecules
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Information-to-work conversion in single-molecule experiments: From discrete to continuous feedback.

Regina K Schmitt1, Patrick P Potts1, Heiner Linke1

  • 1Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 188, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.

Physical Review. E
|June 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We explored extractable work in single molecule experiments with feedback. Our findings provide a framework for understanding work extraction efficiency and optimal parameters for maximal power, validated by DNA hairpin simulations.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Single-molecule biophysics
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Single-molecule experiments allow probing fundamental thermodynamic processes at the nanoscale.
  • Feedback control is crucial for manipulating and extracting work from molecular systems.
  • Understanding work extraction under feedback is key to designing efficient molecular machines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically investigate extractable work in single-molecule unfolding-folding experiments with applied feedback.
  • To develop a detailed fluctuation theorem accounting for acquired information.
  • To determine parameters for maximal power or rate of work extraction.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a simple two-state model to describe work distribution under discrete and continuous feedback.
  • Derived analytical expressions for average work extraction and its experimentally measurable bound.
  • Employed fluctuation theorems to quantify the effect of feedback and information acquisition.

Main Results:

  • Obtained a full description of work distribution across different feedback regimes (discrete to continuous).
  • Derived analytical expressions for average work extraction and a tight experimental bound in the continuous feedback limit.
  • Identified parameters that maximize the power or rate of work extraction.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding work extraction in feedback-controlled single-molecule experiments.
  • The derived fluctuation theorem offers insights into the role of information in thermodynamic processes.
  • Findings show qualitative agreement with simulations of DNA hairpin dynamics, suggesting broader applicability.