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Designing and simulating realistic spatial frequency domain imaging systems using open-source 3D rendering software.

Jane Crowley1, George S D Gordon1

  • 1Optics & Photonics Group, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.

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Summary

A new Blender-based simulation tool accurately models spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) for various geometries. This system enhances SFDI system design and performance evaluation for biomedical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Medical Imaging
  • Computational Imaging

Background:

  • Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) is a valuable technique for mapping tissue optical properties, crucial for disease detection like tumors.
  • Existing SFDI systems face challenges with diverse imaging geometries, necessitating advanced design and simulation tools.
  • Realistic simulation is essential for optimizing SFDI system performance across various applications, from ex vivo samples to in vivo lumen imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an open-source simulation system for Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) using Blender's 3D modeling and ray-tracing capabilities.
  • To enable realistic simulation of SFDI performance across a wide range of imaging geometries and sample types.
  • To accelerate the design and evaluation of novel SFDI systems for biomedical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Blender's Cycles ray-tracing engine to simulate SFDI in various geometries, incorporating realistic optical properties and lighting effects.
  • Validated the simulation accuracy against Monte Carlo methods, achieving initial discrepancies of 16% for absorption and 18% for scattering coefficients.
  • Implemented empirically derived look-up tables to significantly reduce simulation errors to 1% for absorption and 0.7% for scattering.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated accurate SFDI mapping of absorption, scattering, and shape for simulated tumor spheroids, showing enhanced contrast.
  • Successfully simulated SFDI within a tubular lumen, revealing the necessity of custom look-up tables for different longitudinal sections.
  • Achieved high accuracy in lumen simulations, with errors as low as 2% for both absorption and scattering coefficients.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Blender-based simulation system provides a powerful and versatile tool for designing and evaluating SFDI systems.
  • The simulation approach accurately models complex geometries and optical phenomena, improving the reliability of SFDI performance predictions.
  • This tool is expected to significantly aid in the development of advanced SFDI technologies for critical biomedical applications.