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P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

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A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Heterocyclic Functionalized Donor-Acceptor Hole-Transporting Materials for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

Yogesh S Tingare1, Wan-Chun Wang2, Hong Jia Lin1

  • 1Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials/Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Two new hole transport materials (HTMs) were synthesized for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). One HTM, WWC103, achieved over 20.51% power conversion efficiency due to its novel acceptor unit enhancing passivation and energy alignment.

Keywords:
donor−acceptordopant-free hole transport materialsinverted perovskite solar cellspassivationperovskite absorber

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photovoltaics
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Hole transport materials (HTMs) are crucial for high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs).
  • Electron-deficient HTMs influence energy level alignment at the HTM/perovskite interface.
  • Effective passivation and suitable energy levels in HTMs enhance PSC efficiency and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and investigate two new dipolar HTMs, WWC103 and WWC105.
  • To evaluate their performance in mixed-cation mixed-halide perovskite solar cells.
  • To understand the structure-property relationships influencing device efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of novel dipolar HTMs (WWC103 and WWC105) featuring heterocyclic frames.
  • Fabrication of dopant-free perovskite solar cells using the synthesized HTMs.
  • Characterization of device performance, including open-circuit voltage and power conversion efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Both WWC103 and WWC105 enabled high-efficiency perovskite solar cells.
  • The solar cell using WWC103 (2-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)rhodamine acceptor) achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of over 20.51% and an open-circuit voltage of 1.09 V.
  • WWC103 demonstrated superior performance (20.51%) compared to WWC105 (19.74%), attributed to its acceptor's defect passivation capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • The new acceptor unit in WWC103 is effective for constructing dopant-free HTMs for efficient PSCs.
  • The heterocyclic frame contributes to passivation effects and improved perovskite morphology.
  • The study highlights a promising strategy for developing advanced HTMs for next-generation solar cells.