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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

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Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...
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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Perception of Sound Waves01:01

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Ribbon Synapses at Specific Frequency Regions of the Mouse Cochlea
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Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Ribbon Synapses at Specific Frequency Regions of the Mouse Cochlea

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On the low-frequency acoustic center.

Samuel D Bellows1, Timothy W Leishman1

  • 1Acoustics Research Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|June 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study redefines the acoustic center of sound sources, using the dipole-to-monopole moment ratio for accurate determination. This method clarifies its significance and overcomes limitations of the equivalent point source model.

Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Physics
  • Sound Engineering

Background:

  • The acoustic center is crucial for sound source characterization.
  • Current methods for determining the acoustic center are often ambiguous.
  • Accurate acoustic center determination is vital for numerous applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To revisit and clarify the definition and significance of the acoustic center.
  • To establish a new, conclusive method for assessing the acoustic center.
  • To highlight the limitations of existing acoustic center characterization techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Definition of the acoustic center based on the dipole-to-monopole moment ratio.
  • Analysis of a low-frequency sound radiator with omnidirectional far-field directivity.

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  • Application of the new definition to theoretical sound sources.

    • Main Results:

    • The acoustic center of a low-frequency omnidirectional sound radiator is precisely defined by its dipole-to-monopole moment ratio.
    • This ratio-based definition provides conclusive results for theoretical sources.
    • The study demonstrates the inadequacy of characterizing the acoustic center solely as an equivalent point source.

    Conclusions:

    • The dipole-to-monopole moment ratio offers a robust and unambiguous definition for the acoustic center.
    • This new definition enhances the understanding and application of acoustic center principles.
    • The findings necessitate a re-evaluation of how acoustic centers are assessed in practical acoustics.