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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples
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Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2022.

Matthew Kaye1, Linda Hobday1, Aishah Ibrahim1

  • 1National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute.

Communicable Diseases Intelligence (2018)
|June 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Australia maintained its polio-free status in 2022 through robust surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children. The nation met World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, detecting no poliomyelitis cases and identifying various non-polio enteroviruses.

Keywords:
acute flaccid paralysisenteroviruseradicationpoliomyelitispoliovirussurveillancevaccination

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples
10:48

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

Published on: January 16, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Public Health Surveillance
  • Virology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Australia maintains polio-free status through surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children under 15, adhering to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.
  • AFP cases are reported to surveillance systems, with specimens sent for virological investigation to identify poliovirus and other enteroviruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report on Australia's 2022 polio surveillance activities and outcomes.
  • To assess the sensitivity of the national surveillance system against WHO performance criteria.
  • To identify non-polio enteroviruses detected in children with AFP.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases in children under 15.
  • Notification of AFP cases to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit and Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System.
  • Virological investigation of faecal specimens by the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory.

Main Results:

  • No cases of poliomyelitis were reported through clinical surveillance in 2022.
  • Australia reported 1.69 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for sensitive surveillance.
  • Specific non-polio enteroviruses including coxsackievirus A2, A6, A10, echovirus 18, enterovirus A71, and enterovirus C96 were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Australia's surveillance system effectively monitors for poliomyelitis, confirming its polio-free status in 2022.
  • The system's sensitivity meets WHO standards, ensuring early detection of potential outbreaks.
  • Ongoing surveillance for enteroviruses complements the polio monitoring efforts.