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Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

Semiconductors

Semiconductors

There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...

Types of Semiconductors

Types of Semiconductors

Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...

Fermi Level

Fermi Level

The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
At absolute zero temperature, electrons fill all energy states up to the Fermi level, leaving upper states empty. As the temperature rises,...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Polymorphism and Ferroelectricity in Indium(III) Selenide.

Clement Kok Yong Tan¹, Wei Fu², Kian Ping Loh³

¹NUS Graduate School - Integrative Sciences & Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.

Chemical Reviews

|June 26, 2023

Summary

Two-dimensional indium(III) selenide (In2Se3) exhibits diverse phases, crucial for advanced ferroelectric and memory devices. Differentiating these polymorphs is key to unlocking their full potential in next-generation electronics.

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Last Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

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Published on: August 15, 2018

Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

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Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the CuIn,GaSe2 Grain Boundaries

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the CuIn,GaSe2 Grain Boundaries

Published on: April 22, 2013

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Solid State Chemistry

Background:

Two-dimensional indium(III) selenide (In2Se3) is a promising ferroelectric semiconductor.
Its monolayer ferroelectricity offers potential for high-density memory devices beyond the von Neumann architecture.
Challenges exist in distinguishing In2Se3 polymorphs, particularly alpha-In2Se3 and beta-In2Se3, hindering research.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of indium(III) selenide (In2Se3) polymorphs and polytypes.
To discuss methods for rigorous differentiation of In2Se3 phases.
To highlight recent applications of In2Se3 phases in ferroelectric and memory devices.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing studies on In2Se3 polymorphism.
Analysis of phase identification techniques for In2Se3.
Compilation of recent advancements in In2Se3-based device applications.

Main Results:

In2Se3 exhibits rich polymorphism, with alpha-In2Se3 retaining ferroelectricity at the monolayer level.
Beta-In2Se3 includes antiferroelectric and ferroelastic polymorphs like beta'-In2Se3.
Understanding phase transitions is critical for applications in resistive memory storage.

Conclusions:

Rigorous differentiation of In2Se3 polymorphs and polytypes is achievable.
These phases have significant potential for advanced ferroelectric and memory device applications.
Further research into phase transitions will enable novel electronic functionalities.