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Related Concept Videos

Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Teeth01:15

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
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Minerals01:26

Minerals

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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
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Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
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Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
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Millennial drinks: acidity, fluoride content, and enamel softening.

Sarah Pierce, Arianna Amini, Daranee Tantbirojn

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    Millennial beverage consumption impacts tooth enamel. Acidity and fluoride levels vary, with energy drinks and kombucha causing significant enamel softening, while root beer and sparkling water show less erosion.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Dental Science
    • Food Science
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Millennials commonly consume various beverages, including energy drinks, flavored sparkling water, and kombucha.
    • The erosive potential of these beverages on tooth enamel is a growing concern.
    • Understanding beverage acidity and fluoride content is crucial for oral health.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the acidity and fluoride content of popular millennial beverages.
    • To assess the enamel-softening effects of these drinks in vitro.
    • To compare the erosive potential of different beverage categories.

    Main Methods:

    • Analyzed 13 beverages for pH and fluoride concentration using a pH/ion meter and fluoride electrode.
    • Measured Vickers hardness of extracted molars before and after 30-minute immersion in 4 representative beverages.
    • Utilized two immersion protocols: beverage only and alternating between beverage and artificial saliva.

    Main Results:

    • Beverage pH ranged from 2.652 to 4.242, with statistically significant differences among all beverages.
    • Fluoride concentrations varied from 0.0033 to 0.6045 ppm; differences were significant for most beverages (P < 0.001).
    • Energy drinks and kombucha caused the most enamel softening, while root beer and flavored sparkling water showed less erosion.

    Conclusions:

    • All tested beverages were acidic (pH < 4.5), posing an erosive risk.
    • Beverage acidity, fluoride content, and immersion method significantly influenced enamel softening.
    • Consumers should be aware of the erosive potential of commonly consumed beverages to mitigate dental erosion.