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Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Routes of Drug Administration: Overview

Routes of Drug Administration: Overview

Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral administration refers to drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. They can be swallowed (perorally), placed under the tongue (sublingually), or on the inner lining of the cheeks (buccally). Perorally administered drugs take time to be absorbed and have a slower onset of action. The rectal route is another form of enteral administration, which allows for...

Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI

Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI

Introduction: MRI and CT scans are crucial advancements in medical imaging techniques, playing a vital role in diagnosing conditions related to the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Each scan serves distinct purposes, targets specific areas, and requires unique nursing duties.
Description of the Procedures
Computed Tomography (CT) scan:
Computed Tomography (CT) scans use X-ray technology to generate detailed images of bones, organs, and tissues. During the scan, the patient lies on a moving table...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

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Patient Journey Map: Metal Hypersensitivity.

J Adrienne Lagura¹, Dzifa Dordunoo¹, Anastasia Mallidou¹

¹School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.

Journal of Patient Experience

|June 26, 2023

Summary

Patients with implantable medical devices (IMDs) often experience delayed metal hypersensitivity (MH) diagnosis, leading to prolonged suffering and extensive healthcare use. Early MH screening in IMD patients is crucial for improved safety and outcomes.

Keywords:

implantable device journey map metal hypersensitivity patient education patient experience patient safety

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Last Updated: Jul 25, 2025

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Published on: September 14, 2018

Area of Science:

Medical device safety
Clinical immunology
Patient experience research

Background:

Metal hypersensitivity (MH) is a growing concern for patients with implantable medical devices (IMDs).
Understanding patient journeys is vital for improving care pathways and outcomes for individuals with MH.
Existing clinical care gaps for MH in IMD patients require identification and mitigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore and highlight patient experiences with metal hypersensitivity (MH) following the implantation of medical devices (IMDs).
To identify critical gaps in clinical care for patients experiencing MH.
To improve clinical outcomes for individuals with or at risk of metal sensitivity.

Main Methods:

Secondary data analysis of a previous interpretative phenomenological qualitative study.
Utilized patient journey maps to visualize experiences.
Explored the experiences of 8 individuals with IMDs and MH from outpatient settings.

Main Results:

The time from device implantation to MH treatment ranged significantly from 17 to 228 months.
The symptom recognition phase (time from symptom emergence to diagnosis) was the longest part of the patient journey.
Patients experienced extensive healthcare utilization post-initial surgery.

Conclusions:

Metal hypersensitivity (MH) should be a key consideration in the differential diagnosis for patients with IMDs.
Early screening and detection of MH can significantly enhance patient safety.
Proactive MH identification can reduce patient distress and minimize unnecessary healthcare utilization.