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Organisms exhibit remarkable metabolic diversity, categorized based on how they acquire energy and carbon. These strategies enable survival in various ecological niches and are essential for maintaining energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.Energy and Carbon SourcesOrganisms are classified as phototrophs or chemotrophs based on energy acquisition. Phototrophs use light as their energy source, while chemotrophs rely on oxidizing chemical compounds. Further differentiation arises...
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The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.
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Updated: Jul 25, 2025

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
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Bacteria from the gut influence the host micronutrient status.

Dorgeles Kouakou Dje Kouadio1,2, Frank Wieringa1,2, Valérie Greffeuille1,2

  • 1QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France.

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
|June 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Gut microbiota influences micronutrient absorption and bioavailability, impacting public health. Understanding this two-way relationship is key to addressing hidden hunger and improving child development globally.

Keywords:
Gut microbiotabioavailabilitydeficiencyhidden hungerpreventionpublic health problem

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Nutrition
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Micronutrient deficiencies (
  • hidden hunger
  • ) are a major global health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
  • Conventional interventions like supplementation and fortification have limitations and potential side effects.
  • The gut microbiota's role in micronutrient bioavailability and host health is increasingly recognized but not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current knowledge on the bidirectional relationship between micronutrients and gut microbiota.
  • To highlight the impact of this relationship on micronutrient malnutrition.
  • To focus on key micronutrients: iron, zinc, vitamin A, and folate (vitamin B9).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on micronutrients and gut microbiota.
  • Synthesis of findings on how gut bacteria affect micronutrient bioavailability.
  • Analysis of how micronutrient availability shapes gut microbiota composition.

Main Results:

  • Gut bacteria can enhance micronutrient bioavailability by degrading anti-nutrients and synthesizing vitamins.
  • Gut microbiota contributes to intestinal barrier integrity and nutrient absorption.
  • Micronutrient availability influences gut microbiota composition and function.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiota plays a significant role in micronutrient status and overall health.
  • Further research into this two-way interaction is crucial for developing effective strategies against micronutrient malnutrition.
  • Targeting the gut microbiota may offer novel approaches to combat hidden hunger.