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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Non-enzymatic sensors are crucial for cost-effective, stable glucose monitoring.
  • Boronic acid (BA) derivatives enable reversible glucose binding for continuous monitoring and insulin delivery.
  • Diboronic acid (DBA) structures enhance glucose selectivity, driving research in real-time sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review glucose recognition mechanisms of boronic acids.
  • To discuss glucose sensing strategies utilizing DBA derivatives over the last decade.
  • To identify challenges and opportunities in DBA-based glucose sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of tunable pKa, electron-withdrawing properties, and modifiable groups of phenylboronic acids.
  • Development of optical, electrochemical, and other sensing strategies.
  • Review of DBA-derivatives-based sensors reported in the past 10 years.

Main Results:

  • Phenylboronic acids offer versatile properties for various sensing strategies.
  • DBA-based sensors show potential for improved glucose selectivity.
  • Limited diversity in DBA molecules and sensing strategies compared to monoboronic acids.

Conclusions:

  • DBA-based sensors are promising for non-enzymatic glucose monitoring.
  • Future research should focus on increasing DBA molecule diversity and sensing strategy applicability.
  • Key considerations for future development include practicability, medical device integration, patient compliance, selectivity, and interference tolerance.