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Physical Properties of Amines

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.

Fungal Phylum Basidiomycota

Fungal Phylum Basidiomycota

Basidiomycota is a diverse phylum of fungi that includes ecologically significant decomposers such as white rot fungi, symbionts like mycorrhizal fungi, plant pathogens such as rusts and smuts, and edible species like Agaricus bisporus (the common button mushroom). These fungi play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, symbiotic relationships, and even human health. Their defining feature is the basidium, a microscopic club-shaped structure responsible for producing basidiospores.Fruiting Bodies...

Fungal Phylum Microsporidia

Fungal Phylum Microsporidia

Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...

Fungal Phylum Ascomycota

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Phylum Ascomycota, a major division within the subkingdom Dikarya, comprises a diverse range of fungal species, including both unicellular yeasts and filamentous molds such as Aspergillus and Penicillium. These fungi thrive in a variety of habitats, from aquatic ecosystems to terrestrial environments, playing crucial ecological and economic roles.Morphology and ReproductionThe defining characteristic of Ascomycetes, commonly referred to as sac fungi, is the ascus—a sac-like structure that...

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO₂

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

Overview of Fungi

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Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes more closely related to animals than other eukaryotes. Fungal cell walls comprise chitin, a polysaccharide that provides structural strength, and glucans, which contribute to flexibility and integrity. Other polysaccharides, such as mannans and galactosans, may supplement or replace chitin in some fungi. These adaptations, along with their preference for acidic environments and tolerance for high osmotic pressure, enable fungi to thrive in various...

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RNAi-mediated Control of Aflatoxins in Peanut: Method to Analyze Mycotoxin Production and Transgene Expression in the Peanut/Aspergillus Pathosystem

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Enniatin B1: Emerging Mycotoxin and Emerging Issues.

Beatrice De Felice¹, Leon J Spicer², Francesca Caloni¹

¹Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.

|June 27, 2023

Summary

Enniatin B1 (ENN B1) is an emerging mycotoxin found in food. Further research is needed to understand its toxicological effects and conduct a proper risk assessment for enniatin B1.

Keywords:

biological characteristics emerging mycotoxins enniatin B1 toxicological effects

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Area of Science:

Food safety
Toxicology
Mycotoxins

Background:

Enniatins (ENNs) are emerging mycotoxins with limited toxicological data.
Enniatin B1 (ENN B1) is less studied than enniatin B (ENN B).
ENN B1 is detected in various food commodities.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the biological characteristics and toxicological effects of ENN B1.
To highlight knowledge gaps in ENN B1 risk assessment.
To identify future challenges associated with ENN B1.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing studies on ENN B1.
Synthesis of data on ENN B1's biological properties.
Analysis of toxicological findings related to ENN B1.

Main Results:

ENN B1 exhibits antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Reported toxicological effects include cytotoxicity, cell cycle impairment, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, genotoxicity, and estrogenicity.
Significant data gaps exist regarding ENN B1's overall toxicological profile.

Conclusions:

Comprehensive studies are essential for a robust risk assessment of ENN B1.
Understanding ENN B1's biological and toxicological effects is crucial for food safety.
Further research is needed to address the challenges posed by ENN B1 contamination.