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Etiologies of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children at Risk for Asthma, with Emphasis on the Human Rhinovirus Genotyping

Ahmad R Alsayed1, Anas Abed2, Mahmoud Abu-Samak1

  • 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|June 28, 2023
PubMed

Insights

Human Rhinovirus (HRV) is a common cause of acute bronchiolitis in young children. This study developed a method using specific gene regions to accurately identify and classify different HRV types, aiding in diagnosis and research.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric infectious diseases
  • Virology
  • Molecular diagnostics

Background:

  • Acute bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection in infants and young children.
  • Human Rhinovirus (HRV) is a significant, yet often under-characterized, causative agent of acute bronchiolitis.
  • Accurate identification of HRV species is crucial for understanding disease epidemiology and developing targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the primary viral causes of acute bronchiolitis in young children.
  • To establish a reliable protocol for classifying Human Rhinovirus (HRV) species.
  • To evaluate specific genetic regions for accurate HRV genotyping.

Main Methods:

  • Nasopharyngeal samples from children aged 1-24 months with acute bronchiolitis were analyzed using a viral panel via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).
  • HRV-positive samples underwent high-throughput sequencing targeting VP4/VP2 and VP3/VP1 regions.
  • Phylogenetic analysis, BLAST searching, and sequence divergence were employed to differentiate HRV species and assess genotyping regions.

Main Results:

  • Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) was the leading cause, with HRV identified as the second most common viral etiology.
  • Sequencing data classified HRV strains into 7 HRV-A, 1 HRV-B, and 7 HRV-C types.
  • The VP4/VP2 region exhibited lower nucleotide divergence compared to VP3/VP1, indicating greater utility for differentiating HRV genotypes.

Conclusions:

  • HRV is a significant contributor to acute bronchiolitis in children.
  • The VP4/VP2 and VP3/VP1 regions are effective for HRV species identification and genotyping.
  • Nested and semi-nested PCR methods provide practical approaches for HRV sequencing and genotyping, enhancing diagnostic capabilities.

Keywords:
acute bronchiolitisasthmabioinformaticsgenotypinghuman rhinovirussequencingvirus

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