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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration01:30

Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration

Introduction to Inspiration: The Respiratory System in Action
The respiratory system, an essential network for breathing, comprises the conducting and respiratory zones, each playing a crucial role in the overall process of respiration. Let us explore the detailed mechanism of inspiration, or inhalation, which is the first phase of the respiratory cycle.
Pathway of Air during Inspiration
During inspiration, air enters our body through the nose or mouth and moves through the conducting zone,...
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity01:25

Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity

Drugs exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with receptors, enzymes, or ion channels that are present throughout the human body. The strength and duration of the interaction between a drug and its target receptor are characterized by the selectivity and specificity of the drug. Selectivity refers to a drug's strong preference for its intended target over other targets. For instance, isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, interacts with both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors...
Neural Control of Respiration01:18

Neural Control of Respiration

The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem
Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...
Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
However, the ability to hold one's breath voluntarily is not limitless. When the CO2 concentration in the blood reaches a critical level,...
Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration01:22

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:

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Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
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Dynamic Breath Limonene Sensing at High Selectivity.

Ines C Weber1,2, Dina N Oosthuizen1, Rawan W Mohammad1

  • 1Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.

ACS Sensors
|June 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A new breathalyzer detects limonene, a biomarker for liver disease, offering early, noninvasive diagnosis. This low-cost device monitors limonene levels in exhaled breath for routine liver health screening.

Keywords:
PTR-ToF-MSbreath analysisdiagnosticsgas sensorsliver diseasemobile healthnanotechnology

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Liver diseases cause over 2 million deaths annually, often due to late diagnosis.
  • Current screening methods are insufficient for early detection.
  • Breath limonene is a promising, noninvasive biomarker for liver dysfunction, indicating cytochrome P450 enzyme deficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a compact, low-cost detector for selective and dynamic sensing of breath limonene.
  • To enable real-time, noninvasive monitoring of liver function through breath analysis.

Main Methods:

  • A chemoresistive sensor using Si/WO3 nanoparticles.
  • Pre-screening of breath samples using a Tenax separation column at room temperature.
  • Detection of limonene in gas mixtures with high selectivity and robustness to humidity.

Main Results:

  • Selective detection of limonene down to 20 parts per billion, even with high concentrations of other volatile organic compounds.
  • Robust performance across a wide range of relative humidity (10-90%).
  • Successful real-time monitoring of individual breath limonene dynamics post-ingestion, correlating well (R² = 0.98) with mass spectrometry.

Conclusions:

  • The developed detector shows significant potential for simple, noninvasive, and routine monitoring of liver health.
  • This technology can facilitate early diagnosis of liver dysfunction by analyzing exhaled breath limonene levels.
  • The device offers a cost-effective alternative for widespread screening and disease management.