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Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 BSL-3 Conditions

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Immunomodulation by Enteric Viruses.

Lucie Bernard-Raichon¹, Ken Cadwell²

¹Cell Biology Department, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Annual Review of Virology

|June 28, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Enteric viruses adapt to the gut immune system, causing illness or asymptomatic infections. Host genetics and microbiota shape immune responses, influencing acute or chronic viral outcomes and inflammatory disease risk.

Keywords:

enteric viruses immune response immunomodulation intestine norovirus virome

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Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Gastroenterology

Background:

Enteric viruses possess complex adaptations for gastrointestinal tract survival and replication.
Viral infections in the gut can be asymptomatic, altering the immune landscape with context-dependent effects.
Host genetic variations and environmental factors, including the gut microbiota, modulate immune responses to enteric viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the mechanisms of interaction between enteric viruses and the host immune system.
To elucidate how these interactions impact host health and disease.
To understand the factors influencing viral infection outcomes, such as acute versus chronic infections.

Main Methods:

This review synthesizes current research on enteric virus-host immune system interactions.
It examines the role of host genetics and microbiota in modulating immune responses.
The review discusses the consequences of viral strain-specific immune modulation.

Main Results:

Enteric viruses exhibit diverse strategies to navigate the mucosal immune system.
Immune responses are highly specific to viral strains and host factors.
The host immune response dictates the establishment of acute or chronic infections.

Conclusions:

Understanding enteric virus-immune system interplay is crucial for predicting health outcomes.
Altered immune landscapes in the gut influence disease susceptibility.
Chronic viral infections can lead to long-term inflammatory conditions.