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    This study introduces a novel distributed Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer (ν-BOTDR) using single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) for 120 km measurements. It demonstrates accurate distributed temperature sensing and strain differentiation, overcoming FBG drift challenges.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Fiber optic sensing
    • Distributed sensing systems

    Background:

    • Conventional Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) faces limitations in range and spatial resolution.
    • Standard telecommunication fibers are widely available but require advanced interrogation techniques for precise measurements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a novel distributed Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer (ν-BOTDR) utilizing single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs).
    • To achieve long-range (120 km) distributed sensing with high spatial resolution (10 m).
    • To demonstrate accurate distributed temperature measurement and explore strain differentiation.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a gated-mode SPAD-based ν-BOTDR system.
    • Utilization of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as a frequency discriminator to convert SPAD count rates to frequency shifts.
    • Development of a procedure to compensate for FBG drift during data acquisition.

    Main Results:

    • Experimental demonstration of distributed temperature measurement with detection of a hot spot at 100 km.
    • Achieved a sensing range of 120 km with 10 m spatial resolution.
    • Successfully differentiated between strain and temperature effects.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed ν-BOTDR system offers a promising solution for long-range, high-resolution distributed sensing.
    • The FBG-based frequency discrimination method provides a viable alternative to frequency scanning in conventional BOTDR.
    • The system exhibits sensitivity and reliability, with potential for distinguishing between temperature and strain variations.