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Related Concept Videos

Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

48
Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
48
Translation01:31

Translation

142.5K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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6.5K
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

3.6K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2025

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

3.6K

Mapping RNA translation.

Rong Fan1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new method precisely maps the location of thousands of translating RNAs within cells and tissues. This breakthrough enables deeper understanding of gene expression and cellular function.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Translating RNAs (transcripts) are crucial for protein synthesis.
  • Understanding the spatial distribution of translating RNAs provides insights into cellular function and regulation.
  • Current methods have limitations in mapping the location of thousands of translating RNAs simultaneously.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel method for high-throughput mapping of translating RNA localization.
  • To enable visualization of translating RNA distribution in various cellular and tissue contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a new technique for in situ hybridization and imaging.
  • Optimization of protocols for single-cell and tissue-level analysis.
  • Utilizing advanced microscopy and computational analysis for data processing.

Main Results:

  • Successfully mapped the locations of thousands of individual translating RNA molecules.
  • Demonstrated the method's efficacy in diverse cell types and tissue samples.
  • Identified distinct localization patterns for various translating RNAs.

Conclusions:

  • The new method offers unprecedented resolution for studying RNA localization.
  • This technique will advance research in gene expression, cell biology, and disease mechanisms.
  • Provides a powerful tool for future molecular and spatial biology studies.